Corrections and Retractions

The journal recognizes that scientific knowledge is continually evolving and that published research may require correction when errors are identified. To preserve the accuracy and reliability of the scientific record, the journal maintains clear procedures for post-publication amendments.

These mechanisms include:

• Corrections (Errata or Corrigenda): Issued when minor errors are identified that do not compromise the validity, interpretation, or overall conclusions of the work;
• Retractions: Issued in cases of major errors, research misconduct, data fabrication or falsification, plagiarism, or other circumstances that substantially undermine the reliability of the published findings.

All corrections and retractions are handled transparently and in accordance with established publication ethics standards.